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48 Networking and Online Games: Understanding and Engineering Multiplayer Internet Games as seen from the edges. However, it is valuable to reflect on the internal details if you wish to more fully understand the origins of IP addressing schemes, latency, jitter, and packet loss. An IP network is basically an arbitrary topology of interconnected links and routers. These terms are often thrown around casually, so we will define them here as follows: Links provide packet transport between routers. Routers are nodes in the topology, where packets may be forwarded from one link to another. Upon receipt of an IP packet the router s primary job is to pick another link (the next- hop link) on which to forward (transmit) the packet, and then to do so as quickly as possible. Except for simple networks a router will usually have more than one possible choice of the next-hop link. Routers implement routing protocols to continuously exchange information with each other, subsequently learning the network s overall topology and agreeing on the appropriate next hops for all possible destinations. This approach is known as hop-by-hop forwarding: An independent next-hop choice is made at each router. Each next-hop choice usually depends solely on the packet s destination address field. Routing protocols ensure that the network s routers agree on a coherent set of next-hop choices for all possible destinations. Consider the network in Figure 4.7 where multiple paths exist between 136.80.1.2 and 21.80.1.32. Router R1 could send the packet to R2 or R3, both of which have the capability to forward the packet even closer to 21.80.1.32. In this example, R1 decides to use R2 as the next hop toward 21.80.1.32, and R2 has decided to use R5 as its next hop toward 21.80.1.32. An IP network provides a connectionless service because it can transport IP packets from source to destination without any apriori end-user signalling. However, it is not stateless. The set of all source-to-destination paths currently considered optimal by the routing protocols is the state of the entire network. In the rest of this section, we will look at how network hierarchies and address aggregation have been used to minimise the amount of state information that routing protocols need to handle. We will also touch on some routing protocols used in the Internet today. 136.80.1.2 142.8.20.8 21.80.1.32 R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 Figure 4.7 An arbitrary topology of routers may have multiple next hops

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