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Basic Internet Architecture that have no agreement to directly exchange traffic. Two geographically close sites (for example, London and Paris, Sydney and Melbourne, or Los Angeles and San Francisco) might find themselves communicating over paths that loop through New York, Tokyo, or Amsterdam depending on their choice of backbone provider and where the backbone providers interconnect. 4.2.3 Per-hop Packet Transport This section reviews how an individual IP interface (whether on a router or an endpoint) uses the services of an underlying link to get IP packets to the appropriate next hop. 4.2.3.1 Link Layer Networks For most of this chapter links have been treated as simple, point-to-point paths with only two interfaces attached. In reality, links are often networks in their own right. LAN (such as Ethernet) and wide area networks (such as frame relay) are examples of the link layers that support multiple attached devices. Devices attached to a link layer network may support IP, some other services, or a mixture of both. Two addresses are associated with an IP interface attached to a given link layer network: The interface s IP address (representing the interface s identity in the IP topology). The interface s link layer address (representing the interface s specific identity in the context of the underlying link layer network). In general, the link layer network is unaware of the IP address assigned to any given IP interface attached to the link. An IP packet s next hop (expressed as an IP address in a router s forwarding rules) must be translated to a link layer address before packet transmission can occur across the link. Consider Figure 4.12, where a single Ethernet LAN [8023] has three attached interfaces, belonging either to routers or hosts on the 136.80.1/24 subnet. At the IP level, Interface 1 is known as 136.80.1.2, Interface 2 is known as 136.80.1.5, and Interface 3 is known as 136.80.1.9. Yet the Ethernet LAN only knows these interfaces by their 48-bit (6 byte) Media Access Control (MAC) addresses (in this example MAC.1, MAC.2, and MAC.3, respectively). MAC.1 136.80.1.2 MAC.3 136.80.1.9 MAC.2 136.80.1.5 Interface 1 Interface 2 Interface 3 Ethernet LAN carrying IP subnet 136.80.1/24 Figure 4.12 Each interface on an Ethernet LAN has both IP and Ethernet addresses

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