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Basic Internet Architecture external hosts in cases where their network contains a mixture of internal and external connectivity. Interesting problems arise when a previously private network wishes to connect to the Internet. These will be discussed in the following section, along with a currently popular solution NAT. 4.3.2 Network Address Translation NAT is used at the boundaries between IP networks, most often between private networks and the public Internet [RFC3022]. Fundamentally, it solves the problem of a private network whose internal IP address space does not map cleanly into an unused, publicly routable IP address space. 4.3.2.1 Pure NAT Pure NAT is best explained with an example. Consider the situation in Figure 4.16. A company has a private network of 100 hosts, using addresses in the private range 192.168.0.1 to 192.168.0.100. At some point in time, the company wishes for all hosts on its internal IP network to access the Internet. The company contacts an ISP and is allocated a CIDR block of 256 addresses, perhaps 128.80.6/24. If there were only a router between the private network and the ISP, every host would need to be renumbered to a unique address in the 128.80.6/24 range. However, NAT provides an alternative to renumbering. Basically, NAT dynamically modifies the source and destination addresses in packets as they are forwarded between the private network and the ISP. For packets being transmitted out to the Internet, the steps are as follows: Source hosts use their own private address in the packet s source address field. Internal routing forwards packets to the NAT-enabled router linking the private network to the ISP. The NAT-enabled router swaps the source address in each packet with a source address taken from the publicly routable address space 128.80.6/24, and then forwards the packet to the ISP. All outbound packets will have source addresses from Private IP subnet 192.168.0/24 192.168.0.10 192.168.0.12 192.168.0.23 NAT-enabled router ISP 128.80.6/24 public 128.80.6/24 space Figure 4.16 NAT helps map a private address space into the public address space

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